Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Nyaya logic?

1.Inference is from the universal to the particular only

2.Inference is from the particular to the universal only

3.Inference is from the particular to the particular only

4.Inference is from the particular through the universal

A4 only ✓ Correct

B1 only

C1 & 2 only

D2 & 4 only

Correct answer: (A) 4 only

Explanation

Nyaya inference moves from the particular through the universal.

A known mark in the particular subject (the hill's smoke) triggers the inference.

The universal relation, vyapti, that smoke is always accompanied by fire, is applied.

The conclusion about the particular subject follows through this universal.

So inference is neither purely from universal to particular nor from particular to universal, but particular through universal.

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