Which of the following research methods is termed controlled observation?

AHistorical research

BPhilosophical research

CField experimentation ✓ Correct

DAll of the above

Correct answer: (C) Field experimentation

Explanation

Field experimentation is termed controlled observation because it applies experimental control in a natural setting.

Historical research examines past records and involves no controlled manipulation of variables.

Philosophical research reasons about concepts and values without any observational control.

The all-of-the-above grouping is wrong because only field experimentation applies deliberate control.

A field experiment manipulates an independent variable while participants stay in real-life surroundings.

It trades some laboratory control for greater ecological validity.

Want more like this? Create a free account to practise a full test, track your progress, and get spaced-repetition review.