Which of the following schools accepts only perception as a pramana?

The Charvaka materialists admit perception alone as a valid means of knowledge.

Inference is rejected, since the universal relation (vyapti) can never itself be perceived.

Verbal testimony too is set aside, as words rest on unverified authority.

Only what is directly sensed is treated as real and knowable.

This radical empiricism marks the Charvaka theory of pramana.