Which of the following statements are true?
1.The defining feature of a valid deduction is its logical form
2.Inductive arguments are typically synthetic
3.The relation between premises and conclusion in a deductive argument is basically one of implication-entailment
4.Inductive and deductive reasoning always go in the same direction
A1, 2 and 4
B2, 3 and 4
C1, 3 and 4
D1, 2 and 3 ✓ Correct
Correct answer: (D) 1, 2 and 3
Explanation
The defining mark of a valid deduction is its logical form, inductive arguments are typically synthetic, and in deduction the premise-conclusion link is implication-entailment (Statements 1, 2 and 3).
Validity depends on structure alone, independent of the actual content.
Induction adds new empirical content, hence its synthetic character.
In deduction the premises entail the conclusion, so it follows necessarily.
Induction and deduction do not always run in the same direction, so that fourth claim fails.
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