A constructivist approach to the teaching-learning process is emphasized at all levels of education. Which of the following methods is mainly based on this approach?

Project method rests squarely on the constructivist view that learners build knowledge through purposeful, self-directed activity in real contexts.

Constructivism holds that learners actively construct meaning by linking new experience to prior knowledge, a view shaped by Piaget, Vygotsky and Bruner.

Project method, systematised by William Kilpatrick from John Dewey's ideas, has students plan, execute and judge a real task, learning by doing.

Lecture method is teacher-centred transmission where the learner is a passive listener, the opposite of construction of knowledge.

Discussion method builds understanding through talk but is still largely guided and does not centre individual hands-on construction as the project does.

Kilpatrick classified projects into constructive, aesthetic, problem and drill types, all driven by the pupil's own purpose.