According to the Nyaya system, which of the following arguments is fallacious because it is based on a conditional (sopadhika) concomitance (vyapti)?

ASound is eternal because it is audible.

BFire is cold because it is a substance.

CAll things are non-eternal because they are knowable.

DWherever there is fire, there is smoke. ✓ Correct

Correct answer: (D) Wherever there is fire, there is smoke.

Explanation

The concomitance 'wherever there is fire, there is smoke' holds only under a condition, the presence of wet fuel.

Dry burning fire, such as a red-hot iron ball, has no smoke, so the universal link breaks.

A concomitance that depends on such an added condition is a conditional, sopadhika, vyapti.

An inference resting on this defective concomitance is fallacious for the Nyaya.

The added condition, the upadhi, is what spoils the invariable relation.

So the argument with conditional concomitance is 'Wherever there is fire, there is smoke'.

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