In which of the learner-centred methods are students first presented with challenges?

In inductive teaching and learning, students are first presented with challenges, problems or observations and then work toward the underlying principle.

Self-learning is study driven by the learner alone, not defined by leading with a challenge.

Active learning is a broad category of doing and reflecting, not specifically challenge-first sequencing.

Cooperative learning centres on structured group work and interdependence, not on presenting a challenge first.

Inductive methods move from specific instances to general rules, the reverse of deductive teaching.

Problem-based and inquiry-based learning are common forms of the inductive approach.