In which type of assessment do students measure their progress against their previous performance rather than against external criteria or peers?

Measuring progress against one's own previous performance rather than peers or external criteria is ipsative assessment.

Peer assessment (A) judges work against classmates, an external comparison.

Formative assessment (C) monitors ongoing learning to give feedback, not self-comparison over time.

Summative assessment (D) certifies achievement at the end against set criteria.

Ipsative assessment is self-referenced, motivating through personal improvement.

It contrasts with norm-referenced and criterion-referenced approaches.