Which of the following represents the epistemological orientation of quantitative research?

Positivism is the epistemological orientation underpinning quantitative research.

It applies natural-science methods to study observable social reality objectively.

Explanatory refers to a research purpose, not an epistemological position.

Constructivism is the epistemology aligned with qualitative research instead.

Inductivism is a logic of theory building rather than an epistemological orientation.

Positivism typically pairs with a deductive and objectivist stance.