Which of the following are experimental manipulations?

1.Environmental manipulation

2.Stimulus manipulation

3.Instructional manipulation

4.Planning manipulation

5.Decision manipulation

A1, 2 & 3 only ✓ Correct

B2, 3 & 4 only

C3, 4 & 5 only

D1, 4 & 5 only

Correct answer: (A) 1, 2 & 3 only

Explanation

Experimental manipulations include environmental, stimulus and instructional manipulation.

Environmental manipulation alters the surrounding physical or social conditions.

Stimulus manipulation changes the specific object or cue shown to participants.

Instructional manipulation varies the wording or task instructions given.

Planning and decision manipulation are not recognised categories of experimental manipulation.

The variable deliberately altered is the independent variable.

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