Which of the following can be taken as the main approaches in andragogy?

1.The focus of the andragogical approach is on a self-directed, cooperative and two-way learning process.

2.In andragogy motivation for learners is based on intrinsic factors such as self-esteem, self-confidence, desire for a better quality of life, curiosity and self-development.

3.Andragogy is a motivational approach.

A1 and 2

B2 and 3

C1 and 3

D1, 2 and 3 ✓ Correct

Correct answer: (D) 1, 2 and 3

Explanation

All three statements describe andragogy: it is self-directed, cooperative and two-way; its motivation is intrinsic; and it is a motivational approach.

Statement 1 fits because andragogy, adult learning, centres on self-direction, cooperation and mutual, two-way exchange.

Statement 2 is right since adult motivation rests on intrinsic factors like self-esteem, confidence, curiosity and self-development.

Statement 3 holds because andragogy leans on internal drives, making it fundamentally a motivational approach.

Andragogy contrasts with pedagogy, the teacher-directed learning of children who depend on external direction.

The term andragogy was popularised by Malcolm Knowles, who framed the adult learner as autonomous and experience-rich.

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