Which of the following relates mainly to the issue of causality?

AMeasurement validity

BConstruct validity

CInternal validity ✓ Correct

DExternal validity

Correct answer: (C) Internal validity

Explanation

Internal validity relates mainly to causality, whether the treatment truly caused the observed effect.

It depends on ruling out confounding variables and alternative explanations.

Measurement validity concerns whether a measure captures its intended concept.

Construct validity concerns the fit between operational measures and theoretical constructs.

External validity concerns how far results generalise beyond the study.

Randomisation and control groups are key safeguards of internal validity.

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