Paper 1 · Logical Reasoning
Which of the following should be considered essential characteristics of 'anumana' (inference)?
- Fire inferred on the hill where smoke is perceived is called Paksadharmata
- When the universal relation between fire and smoke is known, it is called Vyapti
- Anumiti arises without the coexistence of the Hetu and Sadhya
AOnly 1
BOnly 2
CBoth 1 and 2 ✓ Correct
DAll of the above
Correct answer: (C) Both 1 and 2 — Both statements 1 and 2 are essential, so that is the answer.
Explanation
★Both statements 1 and 2 are essential, so that is the answer.
★Paksadharmata is the mark's presence in the locus of inference.
★Vyapti is the invariable relation between the mark and the probandum.
★Both are genuine requirements of a valid inference.
★Statement 3 is false, since anumiti depends on the hetu-sadhya relation, not its absence.
★So the answer is both 1 and 2.
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