Which of the following are true ?

1.Some valid arguments contain false premises and a false conclusion.

2.An argument can be invalid even if all the premises are true and the conclusion is true as well.

3.When an argument is valid and all of its premises are true, it is called sound argument.

4.The truth or falsity of the premises in an argument does not determine the soundness of the argument.

A1, 2 & 3 only ✓ Correct

B1 & 2 only

C1, 3 & 4 only

D2, 3 & 4 only

Correct answer: (A) 1, 2 & 3 only

Explanation

Statements 1, 2 and 3 hold, while Statement 4 does not.

Statement 1 is true because validity ignores truth values, so a valid form can carry false premises and a false conclusion.

Statement 2 is true because true premises and a true conclusion can still sit in an invalid form.

Statement 3 states the definition of a sound argument, valid with all premises true.

Statement 4 is false, since soundness precisely requires the premises to be true, so their truth does matter.

Thus only the first three hold true.

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