Paper 1 · Logical Reasoning
UGC NET December 2021 June 2022 (30.09.2022) Shift-II
Given below are two statements. Statement I: The relation of invariable concomitance is the relation between hetu and sadhya that requires no qualifying term or limitation (upadhi); for example, wherever there is smoke there is fire. Statement II: The relation of invariable concomitance is the relation between hetu and paksa that requires a qualifying term or limitation (upadhi); for example, wherever there is fire there is smoke. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
- Statement I: Invariable concomitance is the relation between hetu and sadhya needing no upadhi; wherever there is smoke there is fire.
- Statement II: Invariable concomitance is the relation between hetu and paksa needing an upadhi; wherever there is fire there is smoke.
ABoth Statement I and Statement II are correct
BBoth Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
CStatement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect ✓ Correct
DStatement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
Correct answer: (C) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect — The answer is that Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
Explanation
★The answer is that Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
★Invariable concomitance is the tie between hetu and sadhya that holds without any upadhi, and 'where there is smoke there is fire' is a true such relation, so Statement I is correct.
★The relation is not between hetu and paksa, and 'where there is fire there is smoke' fails, since fire without smoke is possible.
★So Statement II, which needs an upadhi and uses that faulty example, is incorrect.
★Thus only the first statement holds.
★Smoke always implies fire, but fire does not always imply smoke.
★So the answer is that Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
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