The performance of a student is compared with another student in which type of testing?

ACriterion-referenced testing

BDiagnostic testing

CSummative testing

DNorm-referenced testing ✓ Correct

Correct answer: (D) Norm-referenced testing

Explanation

Norm-referenced testing ranks a student's score against the performance of other students.

Criterion-referenced testing (A) measures against a fixed standard, not peers.

Diagnostic testing (B) locates specific learning difficulties and their causes.

Summative testing (C) judges overall achievement at the end of instruction.

Norm-referenced results are reported as percentiles or grades on a curve.

Robert Glaser drew the norm-referenced versus criterion-referenced distinction in 1963.

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